Millions of Americans may now qualify for Canadian citizenship following the expansion of eligibility rules under Canadian Bill C-3, which took effect December 15 and broadened citizenship by descent beyond one generation.
The updated law allows individuals with a direct Canadian ancestor—including grandparents, great-grandparents, or even more distant relatives—to claim citizenship, reversing previous limits that allowed citizenship to be passed down only one generation, from parent to child. Those who qualify are already considered citizens under Canadian law but must apply for a certificate of citizenship to formalize their status.
Immigration attorneys in both countries report a sharp increase in inquiries. Amandeep Hayer explained that his practice has shifted from handling about 200 citizenship cases annually to managing more than 20 consultations per day. Nicholas Berning noted his firm is “pretty much flooded,” adding that resources have been redirected to accommodate the surge.
Applicants cite a range of motivations, including political concerns, economic opportunities, and family heritage. The application fee for proof of citizenship is $75 CAD, though costs may rise for those seeking legal or genealogical assistance. Processing times are around 10 months, with more than 56,000 people awaiting a decision.
While many Canadians are described as welcoming, some express concern about individuals with limited ties obtaining citizenship. Fen Hampson pointed out that the prospect of “Canadians of convenience” has raised questions about fairness, particularly as demand for immigration services increases.
